Wage Determination

Methods of Wage Determination in India 1. Fixation of wages is a recent phenomenon in India 2. There was no effective machinery until 2nd world war for settlement of disputes for fixation of wages. 3. After independence of India, industrial relations become a major issue and there was phenomena increase in industrial dispute mostly over wages leading to substantial loss of production. 4. Realizing that industrial peace is essential for progress on industrial as well as economic front, the central govt. convened in 1947, and a tripartite conference consisting of representatives of employers, labour and government. Govt. of India formulated industrial policy resolution in 1948 where the govt. has mentioned to items which has bearing on wages †¢ statutory fixation of minimum wages †¢ Promotion of fair wages. 5. To achieve 1st objective, the minimum wages act, 1948 was passed to lay down certain norms and procedures for determination and fixation of wages by central and state govt. 6. To achieve 2nd objective govt. of India appointed in 1949, a tripartite committee on fair wages to determine the principles on which fair wages should be fixed Wages and salary incomes in India are fixed through several institutions. These are Collective bargaining †¢ Industrial wage bound †¢ Govt. appointed pay commissions †¢ Adjudication by courts & tribunals 1. COLLECTIVE BARGAINING:- †¢ Collective bargaining relates to those arrangements under which wages and conditions of employments are generally decided by agreements negotiated between the parties. †¢ Broadly speaking the fo llowing factors affect the wage determination by collective bargaining process ? Alternate choices & demands ? Institutional necessities ? The right and capacity to strike †¢ In a modern democratic society wages are determined by collective bargaining in contrast to individual bargaining by working. In the matter of wage bargaining, unions are primarily concerned with ? General level of wage rates ? Structure of wages rates (differential among occupations) ? Bonus, incentives and fringe benefits, Administration of wages. 2. INDUSTRIAL WAGE BOARDS:- †¢ Concept of wage board was first enunciated by committee on fair wages. †¢ It was commended by first five year plan and second five year plan also considered wage board as an acceptable machinery for setting wage disputes. †¢ Wage boards in India are of two types ? Statutory wage board ? Tripartite wage board Statutory wage board means a body set up by law or with legal authority to establish minimum wages and other standards of employment which are then legally enforceable in particular trade or industry to which board’s decision relate. Tripartite wage board means a voluntary negotiating body set up by discussions between organized employers, workers and govt. to regulate wages, working hours and related conditions of employment. †¢ Wage board decisions are not final and are subjected to either executive or judicious review or reconsideration by other authority or tribunals. The powers and procedure of wage boards are same as those industrial tribunals unsaturated under ID Act 1947. 3. PAY COMMISSIONS:- †¢ First pay commission was appointed by govt. of India in 1946 under chairmanship of justice vardachariar to enquire in to conditions of service of central govt. employees. †¢ The vardachariar commission in its report said that in no case should a mans pay less tha n living wage †¢ The 2nd pay commission was appointed in aug. 1957. and commission submits its report in 1959, examined the norms for fixing a need based minimum wage set up 15th session of ILC. †¢ Govt. f India appointed third pay commissions in 1970’s which submit its report in April 1973. In this report commission express its support for a system in which pay adjustments will occurs automatically upon an upward movement in consumer price index. †¢ After thirteen years, govt, appointed fourth central pay cimmissions under chairmanship of justice P. N. Singhal on July 26, 1983 to examine structure of all central govt. employees, including those of union territories. Officers belong to all India service and armed forces. Commission submits its report on July 30, 1986 and recommended drastic changes in pay scale. The 5th pay commission (1952-1996) made certain recommendation regarding restricting of pay scales. †¢ The 6th pay commissions was established on 2006 and committee submit its report on March 2008. 3. Adjudication Since independence adjudication has been one of the main instruments for settlement of disputes, improvement in wage scales and standardization of wages and allowances. Though courts and tribunals were primarily intended to deal with settlement of industrial disputes, in practiae, wage fixation has become an important element in their work and functioning. This is because of large of disputes concerning of wages and allowances. Numerous wage disputes in many industries have been referred for adjudication to labour courts and tribunals during past ten decades. The high courts and Supreme Court have also adjudicated upon such disputes. The awards given by these authorities not only helped in formulation of a body of principles governing wage fixation but laid foundation for present wage structure in many of major industries. Some major legislation which governs the principles of wage fixation -Minimum wages Act 1948, Payments of wages Act 1936, Equal Remuneration Act 1976, Industrial Disputes Act 1947, and Companies Act 1956.

Literature Review for Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis

Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis (DGGE) is a robust process by which point mutation can be detected. It depends upon polymerase chain reaction (PCR) products which denature at different temperatures depending upon if they contain homoduplex or different products from both wild type and mutated genes or heteroduplex or combined strains of wild type and mutated DNA strains. Heteroduplex products contain a mismatch and therefore melt more quickly than heteroduplex products (Roelfsema and Peters, 2005, pp. 79).DGGE is used most effectively to identify point mutations in genomic DNA that cause genetic diseases, to identifiy previously unidentified mutations in recessive genes, analysis of DNA from cancer tumors, and by targeting RNA, assessing the number and type of bacteria species in soil, water, and the human body (ibid, pp. 84). The DGGE process has many complicated steps that entail trial and error starting with designing the proper Gradient Gel so that the PCR product will en ter one end as a double strand, quickly denature and then stop progressing and stick in place.First the PCR product must be designed using special software that analyses the melting curves of possible PCR products. In order to keep the DNA stuck in place once the denaturing has occurred, a GC clamp consisting of a string of 40-60 nucleotides must be attached to the PCR primer resulting in a high denaturing temperature at one end and not the other. In addition, the Gradient gel must be prepared properly with a 30% gradient and adjusted so that the DNA gets trapped directly in the middle (ibid, 80).Finally, in the most technically difficult step, a constant temperature of 60 degrees Celsius must be achieved in which to perform the electrophoresis. After this the gels are soaked in a 0. 5XTAE containing ethidium bromide to visualize the DNA. Once these steps are completed successfully, the results are very clear, and seen quickly. If large numbers of samples have to be screened, DGGE i s very reliable and cost effective(ibid, 85). The following is a summary of some of the recent uses of DGGE and findings of researchers who have been exploring new territory in their fields through the use of DGGE.This review aims to highlight the strengths and weaknesses of DGGE and its most effective applications. In a study led by J. Walter of the University of Stuttegart in Germany, 16S rhibosomal primers were also used to detect lactic acid bacteria in human faeces. Subjects were given the probiotic strain lactobacillus rhamnosus DR20 to drink, and while cultural methods only detected the strain in one of the subjects, DGGE detected it in both.In addition, the food associated samples did not appear in the rosa agar cultures, but were apparent in the DGGE profile (Walter, J et al, 2001). This shows the sensitivity and reliability of DGGE methods, and its applicability to human microbiology. Another study of faeces conducted by Maukonen et al. concluded that DGGE was an effective way to establish the stability of certain groups of gastrointestinal bacteria. They successfully established the stability and diversity of the Erecta group by using DGGE to study the bacteria from 12 subjects (Maukonen et al, 2002).Applications to the study of animal faeces uncovered that DGGE is effective in identifying complex systems such as Heliobacters which are difficult to culture (Al-Soud et al, 2003). At the University of Wales in Cardiff, a team of researchers led by Charlotte E. Davies compared bacterial microfloras of healing and nonhealing chronic venous leg ulcers using both cultural and 16S rhibosomal PCR-DGGE methods. PCR-DGGE analysis found a much higher load of pseudonomads in nonhealing wounds than was apparent in cultural analysis alone (Davies, C et al, 2003).This proves the applicability of DGGE to human microbiology and its usefulness in identifying causes of illness. Similar results were obtained in studying Hypophatasia at the Barnes-Jewish Hospital Resear ch Institute. DGGE was used to identify mutations in severely affected patients and was found 100% effective in identifying recessive mutations. In addition it identified eight new mutations and one new polymorphism of hypophatasia confirming its genotypic variability (Mumm, S et al, 2002).DGGE can therefore be a powerful tool in diagnosing hypophatasia and other genetic diseases. Italian biologists used 16S rDNA PCR-DGGE and ISR-PCR methods as tools to differentiate between strains of staphyloccus isolated from fermented sausages. They obtained species specific profiles using DGGE and combining the two methods allowed them to identify 10 species and an additional 7 groups. They concluded that combining the two microbial techniques was what led to their success (Blaiotta, G et al, sep 2003).Corroborating this evidence of the need to use DGGE in combination with other techniques when studying food microbiology, a study of Cassava root fermentation in Brazzaville, Congo determined tha t the most effective method of isolating and identifying microbial communities in Cassava starch fermentation was to combine culture and DGGE methods. They found that DGGE failed to detect pure cultures recovered from enrichment and yet detected other species not apparent in any of the cultural methods used (Miambi, E, Guyote, JP and Ampe, F. , 2003).These results suggest that DGGE, while reliable and sensitive, is dependant upon other methods to complete a profile of the microbiological communities. Strides have been made to understand and identify the ecology of microbial communities, such as the work done at the University of Nottingham. Researchers used PCR-DGGE analysis focused on the V3 and V4-V5 regions of 16S genes to identify and lactobacillus and Staphlyococcus bacteria in stilton cheese. They then used Florescence in Situ Hybridization (FISH) experiments to identify the spatial arrangement of microbial species in the dairy matrix.This allowed them to conclude that there a re specific ecological reasons for microbial growth in cheese, and that there are real applications of the combination of DGGE and FISH to optimize food fermentation and preservation of traditional products (Ercolini, Hill, Dodd, Jul 2001). DGGE also has applications to farm production as seen in de Olivera et al’s study of soil rhibosomes, which concluded that DGGE provides fingerprinting of rhibosomes useful in determining the effect of agricultural practices on soils.This can help in the proper amendment of soils and monitoring of pesticides (de Olivera et al, 2006). Recognizing the usefulness of DGGE in identifying and categorizing microbial communities, and the need for more effective identification of which DNA regions to study, Zhongtang Yu and Mark Morrison performed a test to compare DGGE profiles across hypervariable (V) regions taken from the same DNA regions, and identify the most useful V regions to study in gastrointestinal microbiomes.Their recommendation is th at amplification of the V3 or V1 regions of rrs genes gives the best result, but when doing a longer amplification, the V3 to V5 or V6 to V8 range should be targeted (Yu and Morrison, 2004). DGGE has been used successfully in oceanography to identify and isolate protists that are so small they lack taxonomic features and are too unstable to be studied by traditional means.Biologists at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution studied protistan assemblages from the Antarctic using DGGE and were able to determine that microenvironments significantly impact assemblages and that significant genetic diversity exists in each microenvironment (Gast, Dennett and Caron, 2004). Building on the sensitivity of DGGE in identifying genetic differences, biologists in Germany identified an entirely new phylogenic group of Eukariyotic bacteria in the deeper layers of tidal flats. Their technique included using primers targeted at the 18S rRNA gene.They were also able to establish distant relationshi ps between Eukaria and grazers and deposit feeders, proving DGGE’s applicability to taxonomy. Scientists at the University of Montana also recognized DGGE’s usefulness in identifying unculturable communities and developed a way to make these communities more visible by DGGE. They first put the communities through GC fractionalization to make the study size smaller which allowed previously undetectable or underrepresented bands from the full community analysis to be seen (Holbien et al, 2004).Seeking to improve the sensitivity and versatility of DGGE’s application to microbial ecology as well as provide a way to compare and standardize gradient gels, Neufeld and Mohn of the University of British Columbia tested the use of Fluorophore-Labled primers. They found that fluorophore greatly helped intralane normalization, was relatively cheap, and allows DGGE versatility including running RNA and DNA derived patterns in the same lane (Neufeld and Mohn, 2005). References Al-Soud, Waleed Abu; Bennedsen, Mads; On, Stephen L. W.; Ouis, Ibn-Sina; Vandamme, Peter; Nilsson, Hans-Olof; Ljungh, Asa; Wadstrà ¶m, Torkel Bimal D. M. Theophilus (May 2003) Assessment of PCR-DGGE for the identification of diverse Helicobacter species, and application to faecal samples from zoo animals to determine Helicobacter prevalence. PCR Mutation Detection Protocols, Methods in Molecular Biology Volume 52, p.765-771. Blaiotta G, Pennacchia C, Ercolini D, Moschetti G, Villani F. (Sep 2003) Combining denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis of 16S rDNA V3 region and 16S-23S rDNA spacer region polymorphism analyses for the identification of staphylococci from Italian fermented sausages. Syst Appl Microbiol. 26(3):423-33 Davies, Charlotte, Katja E. Hill, Katja, Wilson, Melanie, Stephens, Phil, Hill, C. Michael, Harding, Keith and Thomas, David (Aug 2004) Use of 16S Ribosomal DNA PCR and Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis for Analysis of the Microfloras of Healing and Nonhealing Chronic Venous Leg Ulcers Journal of Clinical Microbiology, Vol. 42, No. 8, p. 3549-3557 de Oliveira, Valà ©ria,   Manfio, Gilson, Heitor Luiz da Costa Coutinho, Heitor Keijzer-Wolters, Anneke and van Elsas, Jan. (Apr 2006)Ribosomal RNA gene intergenic spacer based PCR and DGGE fingerprinting method for the analysis of specific rhizobial communities in soil Applied and Environmental Microbiology, Vol 72, No. 4 p. 2756-2764 Ercolini D, Hill PJ, Dodd CE. (Jun 2003) Bacterial community structure and location in Stilton cheese.   Appl Environ Microbiol.;69(6):3540-8. Gast, Rebecca J., Dennett, Mark and Caron, David (Apr 2004) Characterization of Protistan Assemblages in the Ross Sea, Antarctica, by Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis Applied and Environmental Microbiology, Vol 70, No. 4. p. 2028-2037 Holben, Willam,   Feris, Kevin, Kettunen, Anu and Apajalahti, Juha. (Apr 2004) GC Fractionation Enhances Microbial Community Diversity Assessment and Detection of Minority Populations of Bacteria by Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, Vol 70, No. 4 p. 2263-2270 Jeroen H. Roelfsema and Dorien J. M. Peters (2005), Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis (DGGE), Medical Biomethods Handbook, p.79-85 Maukonen, Johanna, Mà ¤ttà ¶, Jaana, Satokari, Reetta,   Sà ¶derlund, Hans, Mattila-Sandholm, Tiina and Saarela, Maria (2006) PCR DGGE and RT-PCR DGGE show diversity and short-term temporal stability in the Clostridium coccoides–Eubacterium rectale group in the human intestinal microbiota. FEMS Microbiology Ecology (Online early). Miambi E, Guyot JP, Ampe F. (Apr 2003) Identification, isolation and quantification of representative bacteria from fermented cassava dough using an integrated approach of culture-dependent and culture-independent methods. Int J Food Microbiol. 25;82(2):111-20. Mumm S, Jones J, Finnegan P, Henthorn PS, Podgornik MN, Whyte MP.   (Feb. 2002) Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis analysis of the tissue nonspecific alkaline phosphatase isoenzyme gene in hypophosphatasia. Mol Genet Metab. 75(2):143-53. Neufeld, Josh and Mohn, William. (Aug 2005) Fluorophore-Labeled Primers Improve the Sensitivity, Versatility, and Normalization of Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis Applied and Environmental Microbiology, Vol.71, No. 8 p. 4893-4896 Walter J, Hertel C, Tannock GW, Lis CM, Munro K, Hammes WP. (Jun 2001) Detection of Lactobacillus, Pediococcus, Leuconostoc, and Weissella species in human feces by using group-specific PCR primers and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2001 Jun;67(6):2578-85 Yu, Zhongtang and Morrison, Mark. (Aug 2004)Comparisons of Different Hypervariable Regions of rrs Genes for Use in Fingerprinting of Microbial Communities by PCR-Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, August 2004, p. 4800-4806, Vol. 70, No. 8

My Perfect Job

My idea of the perfect job is one that will allow me to use the skills and knowledge I have gained, while also allowing some flexibility in my time, and keeping my interest. Having work that is financially rewarding goes without saying. I love working with computers, setting them up, fixing problems, doing upgrades, and teaching people to use them. I spend much of my free time doing this sort of work for friends and family. I have spent more Saturday’s than I can count answering a plea for help. Computers are such a part of everyday life now, that people become panicked when things are not running smoothly. It would be very rewarding to be able to support myself doing the things that I enjoy most. My days now are spent talking to customers and doing my best to make a difference, however, so many of the situations are out of my control that it is a constant frustration. I suppose I have the same dream that many others do. I want to do something that I love, be productive, and make a decent living for my family. I do believe such a possibility exists. By owning my own business I would have the flexibility to set my hours and be able to attend many of the family and school functions that my current work does not allow for. I believe that people should work to live, not live to work. Having the time to enjoy life would make the time spent making a living less of a chore. Children grow up so quickly, I have watched my girls grow quickly from toddlers to adults, while I simply passed through their lives on my way to and from work. These are benefits rather than aspects of the perfect job; however, that is the beauty of it. There is no exact description, but rather a freedom to explore what directions I can take when I have the choice. While I am short on education, a fact that I am now working to remedy, I am rich with life experience and knowledge gained from working in a variety of fields since I was old enough to first hold down a job. What I could offer to clients would be personalized service with a caring that can’t be found in corporate America. My current job requires that I travel two and a half hours per day total. Having the ability to travel only as needed, and to work nearer to my home and family, or even from my home, would both cut down stress, and make better use of my time. I have experienced a range of stressing situations. Being able to change these situations and have the control of the environment I spend my time in is worth more than a salary. Money is a consideration in any job, but well being is the more important consideration. Try and imagine the difference: a day starting with an hour commute, followed by a 9 hour day, then an additional hour to arrive home. I am so exhausted that there is barely the remaining energy to say hello to the family. In contrast, imagine a day starting from home, beginning the day at a slower pace, and making calls or doing paperwork in quiet and comfortable surroundings, before taking on the challenges of the day. Then returning home in the evening and have some energy left for the good parts of life. Operating my own computer related business would provide a good solution to many of the problems I face in my current career. As a business owner there are a world of choices available to me that are not available to me now, being the average drone. Going home at the end of the day and living a normal life is the ultimate of rewards.

How Eliezer's relations with his father changes throughout the novel Essay

How Eliezer's relations with his father changes throughout the novel - Essay Example This lack of connection is evident when Wiesel dismissed his son’s idea to take his religion studies to greater or further exploration, claiming that he was too young. However, all these changes when the family forcefully taken to a concentration camp, Auschwitz, during the Nazi period. The hard and unpleasant they experience changes Eliezer’s attitude against his father. They begin to take care of each other and he begins to view his father as a role model, someone he truly admires and fears to lose. When the order is issued to separate women and children (to the left) from fathers (to the right), Elizer joins his father who would have stayed alone had Elizer not joined him, despite his young age (Smith 117). The father and son develop a strong bond following the horrors of war and conditions they are subjected to a t the concentration camps. The value their relationship and the once strained connections becomes that of understanding, love and care. As the situation gets worse, Elie feels strongly about not losing his father and upon the New Year, their relationship is completely transformed to that of closeness and protection (Bloom 106). They even figure ting out together and contemplate the future or no future together, as never before. He would not leave his father to die in the snow and kept on encouraging him that he will soon lie on the

The Women and Real Men Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The Women and Real Men - Essay Example Other similarities or differences are also sought for and highlighted in the upcoming passages. The author of "Two Ways a Woman Can Get Hurt†, Jean Kilbourne, writes the whole article in a very concerned but detached manner. She seems to be having a helicopter view of the whole advertising industry and how it promotes violence against women. "Two Ways a Woman Can Get Hurt† begins on a slightly theatrical note when writer talks about advertising being more about ‘violence than violins’ and ‘power than passion’. This is not carried forward in rest of the writing which is much more academic relying on studies and statistical evidences. â€Å"From Fly Girls to Bitches and Hos" is written by Joan Morgan and it differs from "Two Ways a Woman Can Get Hurt† on various levels. First of all Joan writes in a very engaging and personal manner. She seems to be dealing the problem of her society while being inside it throughout the narration. The words used in â€Å"From Fly Girls to Bitches and Hos" are at times very informal. There is frequent usage of colloquial such as ‘Gangsta’, ‘Sista’,‘Nigga’ and ‘Bitches’. While Jean uses statistical evidence to prove her arguments, Joan has provided more of personal stories and anecdotes than statistics. "Two Ways a Woman Can Get Hurt"  describes women as the victims of advertising. ... It seems as if all these words have been picked up from book on criminology. On the other hand, â€Å"From Fly Girls to Bitches and Hos" holds women partially responsible for the violent lyrics in the hip-pop against women. Joan writes that girls should have integrity and self-esteem and not run after ‘material comforts’. She asks them to love black men for ‘what they are’ and not ‘what they want them to be’. There has to be acknowledgement of the pain of black men if their frustration against their women has to be stopped. While Jean writes that advertisements have sexualized women, Joan says that women have sexualized and objectified themselves. There is a point on which both Jean and Joan agree. And that is the attitude of women towards other women. She cites the example of a criminal case where a woman accused a man of raping her. But her Victoria Secret’s panties were used against her as an indication of her immorality. The jury com prising of predominantly female members gave decision against her. Jean writes that this showed ‘women are cruel judge of other women’s behavior’. Same sentiments are expressed by Joan when she writes that girls always indulge in ‘bitching’ each other. She pleads to her ‘sistas’ to have self esteem and integrity. Black women need to do introspection and try to listen to their partners. Both "Two Ways a Woman Can Get Hurt† and â€Å"From Fly Girls to Bitches and Hos" deal with topic of young men in a strangely similar manner. Jean writes that advertisement is targeted towards making young men violent and insensitive. The men who are caring and committed are portrayed as fools. She writes ‘It is married man in the cartoon and ads who are jerks. â€Å"From Fly Girls to Bitches and Hos" tells

International Arbitration Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

International Arbitration - Dissertation Example A research in the existing corpus of international arbitration law had been undertaken to find a suitable answer to the aforesaid questions. The second requirement consisted of selecting bibliographical and article databases. The best one for this purpose was the Milli Kutuphane, the official website of the national library of Turkey, which consists of one of the richest collections of Turkish sources and sources around the world. Some problems were faced in providing Turkish sources and endeavor was made to find Turkish sources in English. The only Turkish sources were written by Yeslirmak. As such, the Turkish sources were avoided so far practicable.The third requisite in literature review according to Fink (supra) is choosing search terms. Both Boolean search and browsing have been used to find out the sources essential for this research. Search for the names of some of the leading authors in the field of international arbitration and some authors who were known before, had been c onducted, which gave valuable sources.The fourth and fifth requisites were the application of practical screening criteria and applying methodological screening criteria, which is to find out what is important for the research and what sources may be irrelevant. In order to determine whether a source is dependable and reliable, certain considerations had to be made, which were the determination of the following questions: does the source cite primary sources? What can be told about the author? How old are the sources?... bibliographic or article databases, choosing search terms , applying practical screening criteria, applying methodological screening criteria, Doing the review and synthesising the results.5 The same approach had been taken to conduct the research. The first requirement according to Fink is to select the research questions. In doctrinal research the questions are found from a search for law which are applicable in a given set circumstances.6 In the present case, the questions that were required to be answered were: who (arbitrators or tribunals or both of them) can adjudge to interim measures? What kind of interim measures are valid at international arbitration? By whom and how adjudged interim measures applied, how should be their performance?7 A research in the existing corpus of international arbitration law had been undertaken to find a suitable answer to the aforesaid questions. The second requirement consisted of selecting bibliographical and article databases. The best one for this purpose was the Milli Kutuphane, the official website of the national library of Turkey, which consists of one of the richest collections of Turkish sources and sources around the world. Some problems were faced in providing Turkish sources and endeavour was made to find Turkish sources in English. The only Turkish sources were written by Yeslirmak. As such, the Turkish sources were avoided so far practicable. The third requisite in literature review according to Fink (supra) is choosing search terms. Both Boolean search and browsing have been used to find out the sources essential for this research.8 Search with the names of some of the leading authors in the field of international arbitration and some authors who were known before, had been conducted, which gave valuable sources.

The Impact of Globalization on Recent Changes to Employment Patterns Assignment

The Impact of Globalization on Recent Changes to Employment Patterns and Structure in either a Country or Industry of Your Choice - Assignment Example More specifically current sources are used for the report to gain knowledge of the pattern of current changes introduced thereof and its due implications on the employment scenario. Findings The findings relate that the era of globalization or liberalization has impacted the pattern of industrial relation policies and thereby the employment structures of the Indian economy. Firstly it is noticed that the system of due protectionism of employees which was the significant feature of Indian industrial relations gradually is subjected to abolition thereby contributing to the reduction of impacts of trade unionism in India. Secondly the system of collective bargaining is also found to be decentralized to render potential to the management in governing trade union activities. Thirdly the findings reflect that how human resource management functions have focused on development of employee productivity through aspects of training and employee development. Fourthly the growth of services and communication sector industries in the country is also noticed side by side with the manufacturing sectors thereby leading to the emergence of new employment structures. Fifthly policy changes to industrial relations in the post liberalization period reflected a rise in both organized and unorganized types of employment structures leading to the growth of casual and self-employed labor market. Sixthly case studies dealt with in relation to manufacturing sectors pertaining to cotton and jute mills are presented where issues relating to modernization and employee participation are presented. The findings reflect the impacts of modernization and participative style management in the specific... The conclusion of the report specifically highlights on drawing a summary of the essential themes related to globalization and its impact on the employee patterns and structures in the Indian employment market. It also draws a summary of the findings of the report relating to the case studies used reflecting the impacts of industrial relation policy changes on the employer-employee relationships. Finally it also focuses on the pattern of recommendations sought in relation to the employment issues relating to the cases underlined. This paper makes a conclusion that the mode of globalization in relation to the world at large has contributed to the development and introduction of new set of operational, trade and employer-employee relationship aspects along different sets of business enterprises. Moreover the emergence of a liberal market has also spurred the growth of different employment sectors both in relation to the developed and developing economies. The project focuses specifically on the Indian economy where the emergence of a liberal market framework has led to the birth of casual forms of employment in sharp contrast to the existence of only organized employment sectors. Moreover the emergence of both public and private sectors in the Indian economy also triggers the development of newer styles of employer-employee relationship patterns. In fact the mode of industrial relations has gained a far flung change in comparison to the period pre and post liberalization in influencing the patterns of employmen t patterns and structures in the industrial and employment scenario of India. It is found that during the pre liberalization period the employment and the industrial structure of India were mainly governed by manufacturing and other large scale industries.

Cross culture literature review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Cross culture - Literature review Example 19-40). Leadership and Globalization Globalization can be described as the process where a company looks to enter the international market. It looks to make its products available to the international customers. The modern day businesses have become quite complex. However, even amidst all such changes one principle for success remain the same, i.e. the leadership skills of the mangers. Leadership styles and management methods across the world are quite diverse and get heavily influenced by particulars dominant in the environment. Various studies in different countries have focused on the compliance of the leadership styles in terms of the conditions of success. The relationship among the culture and the managers is quite different. Managers tend to be people that get things done and the corporate culture happens to be the mechanism that is used by the managers to understand the way they should communicate with the team members. One of the most important characteristics of the leaders is to have an insight to the key happenings within a group in an organization. Such insights provide the much required energy to work (Buchanan and Huczynski, 2010, p. 221). Intercultural leadership contingency model Combining the direction goal developed by Robert House and the dividing culture dimension studies conducted by Geert Hofstede a new model off cross cultural leadership was developed. The leadership model developed has been categorized into four categories such as directional leadership, supportive leadership, participatory leadership and success oriented leadership. In case of directional leadership the leader prepares guides for the staff regarding what the staffs should do and how to perform the tasks along with the functional standards. In case of supportive leadership the main focus in on welfare of the staffs and the needs and requirements of the employees (Maylor and Blackmon, 2005, p. 209). In case of participatory leadership the leaders looks to consult with th e staffs during the decision making process. Leaders provide equal importance to the needs of the staffs as well as the organizational objectives. Success oriented leadership encourages the staffs to perform work at the highest level. However, very little focus is provided to the personal needs of the staffs. Here it needs to be mentioned that, this model has some degree of similarity to the managerial grid model which also reflects various leadership styles (Buelens, Sinding, Waldstrom, Krietner and Kinicki, 2011, p.223). Studies related to the management and leadership styles have been conducted substantially in various countries. Such survey reflects the various leadership and management styles followed by managers belonging to different countries and cultures. During the course of the course of the present study the main focus happens to be on China, USA and Japan (Simons, 2011, p.275). China has been selected because it is one of the most emerging economies in the world. Howeve r, China has had a reputation of being autocratic in nature. On the other hand USA is a developed economy. The management and leadership style of USA is quite different from China. The last country chosen happens to be Japan. Japan is a

Libyan Legal System Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Libyan Legal System - Research Proposal Example According to the paper the debate on the relationship that exists between the Sharia laws and the national laws in Libya is only new to the post Gadhafi period. The only difference now is that it gained momentum after the revolution as a result of the increasing legal and political importance of Sharia laws on the county. There are a lot of instances where the importance of the Sharia laws has been seen both in the Gadhafi era and the post Gadhafi regime. The major one after the revolution however is the Constitutional Declaration that was issued by the interim National Transition Council (NTC) stating that the Sharia laws remain the principal source of legislation in Libya. In another speech in October 2011 the NTC President went ahead to declare that any law in the county that violates the Sharia laws was suspended with immediate effect. These included the laws that had been put in place restricting the practice of polygamy and allowing women to own certain kind of properties6. The announcement further indicated that the county would only use Islamic banking where usury will be banned in the county. This is a clear indicator on the importance that the Sharia was in the post Gadhafi Libya. The paper will also focus on the efforts being made to ensure that the legal system in Libya is more effective. It will also present an array of solutions that can be used in the creation of a more effective legal system that has wide acceptance in the country.

Case Study about Tourism in Kuala Lumpur Term Paper

Case Study about Tourism in Kuala Lumpur - Term Paper Example Is it to explore the new countries and the historical monuments? Or, to get rid off from the daily hectic life? The tourism industry generates many business opportunity for the citizen of the country, it also generates different employment opportunities which leads to the improvement of the GDP. For the Asian countries the Malaysia has been one of the main tourist destinations and Kuala Lumpur has always been the main attractions in Malaysia. There are many diversified tourism have shown up in the recent advancement of the tourism industry and few of the most promising kinds are Wine tourism, medical tourism, education tourism and job tourism. The new paradigm of tourism industry has emerges with a brand new look. And for this enormous effect of the tourism the globalised world will hire more people to sustain the high quality services for the tourism. 2 The Expectation Theory plays a vital role to understand why people love tourism. This theory portrays that the social behavior and the communication are very much influenced by people’s expectation about the behaviors of other The tourism has grown from the psychological pursuits of few privileged individuals to a mass. The tourism has become the mass movement to discover the unknown.5 Kuala Lumpur is having the rich natural beauty and dense forest, advanced education structure, ultimate shopping experiences, the rich cultural historical values and obviously the ultimate business opportunity. Culture: The culture is one of the important socio-economic factors in the Kuala Lumpur for the success of its fabulous tourism industry. The Kuala Lumpur is the cultural center of peninsular Malaysia. The art style has a rich cultural attachment in Kuala Lumpur 6. The main dominating cultures in Kuala Lumpur are Malays, Chinese and Indians 7. There is a great barrier of the present as far as the religion in concern. However, the effect of Islamic ideology has become the central element in the Malay